Analysis Of The Online Casino Industry Has Become Somewhat...

Review 3 - VideoSlots Review About VideoSlots Let’s be frank, the online casino industry has become somewhat murky as of late. This is because many brands and names aren’t as honest and open with players as they should be. Operating in a cloak and dagger fashion, the industry was in dire need of an honesty overhaul. Take all the marketing campaigns you’ve had thrust upon you in the past and forget about them. This is because VideoSlots has arrived and they are presenting something refreshingly different. Through barefaced honesty, what VideoSlots is able to give players is a transparent online casino experience, something that other online casinos can’t even get close to. From independent auditing to fair and understandable payouts,†¦show more content†¦Throwing all and everything onto the homepage in the hope to appeal, many names present a UI that just isn’t functional. Proving that they have the brains to bypass this issue, the VideoSlots team have devised a website that filters out the clutter in order to present something refreshingly straightforward. Blending dark and light colours well, everything on site is easy on the eye and pretty effortless to navigate. Being frank, VideoSlots isn’t going to rewrite history with its UI, but what it is going to do is provide players with a functional website to work within. VideoSlots Bonuses and Promotions Time and time again VideoSlots have shown the world that they know a thing or two about casino online bonuses and promotions. From free spins to traditional no deposit bonus offers, it has all been offered in the past. Currently VideoSlots have a ‘Welcome Bonus’ in place that allows players to get an instant fix of playable funds. This is because all initial deposits will be matched 100% up to the amount of â‚ ¬200, plus they will also throw in an additional â‚ ¬10 on top of that just for good measure. The offer is relatively easy to claim as well, as all a player needs to do is visit VideoSlots and go through the quick registration process. From what’s on offer it is clear that if you like free cash, VideoSlots is the place to play right now. Loyalty is a key element within

Low Income Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females Essay

SLIDE 1: So why are we targeting low-income black and Hispanic adolescent females you may ask? They are at higher risk, than other ethnicities, for acquiring an STD and/or experiencing an unplanned pregnancy. Increased utilization of dual contraception is of great importance in these communities. Adolescent females in general are less likely to use dual forms of protection from STD’s and unplanned pregnancy. Young women, due to their anatomy tend to be more susceptible to STD’s than are young men. Black and Hispanic females are 4.9x and 2.1x, respectively, more likely to contract chlamydia (which is a common STD) than their white counterparts. When it comes to pregnancy 3 in 10 adolescent females will become pregnant before the age of 20, amongst black and Hispanic young women this figure jumps to 5 in 10. Black and Hispanics teens are more likely to be living in poverty than are other ethnicities and data has shown that teen pregnancy increases proportionally as socio economic status declines as does rate of STD contraction. SLIDE 2: Next you may ask why are we specifically focusing on teens who live in the south? Well, Geography matters! According to the national center for health statistics teen pregnancy is highest in the southern states vs. the Northeastern or Midwestern states. While the average teen birth rate was 24.2% nationwide it was between 30-39% in the southern United States. Currently, only 18 states and D.C. require that education regarding contraception isShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pagesshape adolescent sexual behavior and lead to the decision of adolescent motherhood. This paper will illustrate teenage pregnancy rates over the last few years, the factors that impact teen pregnancy, contraception and the likelihood of teen pregnancies across different ethnic groups. Over the years, the rate of adolescent pregnancy in the United States has been declining by nearly 40% since the 1990’s. (Brown, 2016) Adolescent pregnancy rates have decreased across the nation for adolescents belongingRead MoreParental Power And Adult Authority1473 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use to exert their influence on the child† (Vargas, Busch-Rossnagel, Montero-Sieburth, and Villarruel, 2000). However, a recent study found that Hispanic children who are between the ages of four and six often struggle with depression, anxiety, and somatization due to common parenting styles within Hispanic culture (Cohen, 2015). Hispanic parents tend to control by teaching their children to be obedient and show absolute respect for adult authority. They also control their children by clearRead MoreTeenage Birth Rate Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagesstill ranked the highest in teen pregnancy when compared to other developed nations (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2016). The term teen pregnancy is denoting young females being pregnant or giving birth under the age of 20. According to the CDC, in 2015, there were 229,715 babies born to adolescent females ages between 15-19, or a total of 22.3 live births per 1,000 in this age group in the United States; almost 89% of these births were from unmarried mothers (Centers for Disease ControlRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe prevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weights of the children and the BMI scores were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, the mean weight was taking from the parents ofRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 Pagessummary of my research findings. The Office of Adolescent Health analyzed the trends in teen births, variations in teen birth rates across populations (ethnicity between ages 15-19) and characteristics associated with adolescent childbearing in their article entitled Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing. According to Office of Adolescent Health, in 2013, there were 26.5 births for every 1,000 adolescent females age 15-19 or 273,105 babies born to females in this age group. Nearly eighty-nine percentRead MoreLiterature Review On Teen Pregnancy1254 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is about 57 per 1000 teens in 2010 (Knox 1). This has decreased to about 47 per 1000 teens, but at the state level, some states such as Texas have higher averages. Currently, the state of Texas recorded a rate of 73 teenage pregnancies per 1000 females aged between 15 and 19 years (Sayegh et al. 95). The main cause of teenage pregnancies is associated with severe social dislocations including race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education among other factors. Literature Review Race andRead MoreEarly Intervention And Care Prevention1025 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Early intervention and care can prevent most of the oral health diseases. Nevertheless, dental caries remains the most common chronic disease among children and adolescents in the United States (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). About 14.4% of children aged 3-5 years had untreated dental caries in 2009 -2010 (Dye 2012). In addition to pain and discomfort, untreated deciduous tooth caries can spread to roots and may lead to loss of tooth. This can subsequently affectRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Research Paper1273 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Pregnancy Among Adolescent Girls Heather Thedford HS 2013: Health Communications Texas Woman’s Universityâ€Æ' DESCRIPTION Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant (Unicef 2008). These are young girls that have not yet reached adulthood, who are engaging in unprotected sex and have conceived a child from that encounter. Risk Factors Associated with Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy has severe health risk factors for theRead MoreThe World Health Organization (Who, 2016) Has Recognized1510 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States to be associated with socioeconomic status (Drewnowski Specter, 2004). This vulnerable population has many known risk factors for obesity such as sedentary lifestyle secondary to unsafe impoverished neighborhoods (Levine, 2011), the low cost of energy-dense foods (Drewnowski Specter, 2004), and poor access to fresh foods (Levine, 2011). The risk factors are well researched and documented, but there is less exploration in rectifying this problem. My topic of interest is to researchRead MoreObese And Overweight Hispanic Children923 Words   |  4 PagesObese and overweight Hispanic children are a direct consequence of a low Socioeconomic Status. A famous American chef, Tom Colicchio, once said: â€Å"This is what people don t understand: obesity is a symptom of poverty. It s not a lifestyle choice where people are just eating and not exercising. It s because kids - and this is the problem with school lunch right now - are getting sugar, fat, empty calories - lots of calories - but no nutrition† . On the other hand, a socioeconomic status, according

Customs and Courtesies Us Army Paper - 1518 Words

Military Customs and Courtesies There are many traditions that have been established over the long history of the military services. These many traditions can be broken into numerous customs and courtesies. A custom is a way of acting in a manner that has been continued constantly over a long period of time. It is almost like a law. A courtesy is a way of displaying good manners and politeness when dealing with other people. Military courtesy conveys respect both up and down the chain of command. One commonly recognized custom and courtesy is the military salute. The salute has been an exchange of greetings since the age of chivalry. During these ages the knights were mounted with steel armor that covered their body completely†¦show more content†¦While it is debatable whether or not rank really has an effect on instilling and teaching proper customs and courtesies, there is no doubt in the important underlying message of which customs and courtesies are based. Customs and courtesies display signs of respect not only from one ranking to another (which seems to be the major focus these days) but also as a sign of brotherhood. We do these gestures and display our respect to one another in a way that should always show our loyalty to each other. From the time we enter the service we are taught to be there for each other and to trust and respect the person next to you always even though that person can be a complete stranger. In my opinion, we have, over time, lost sight of the values our customs and courtesies are designed to teach us. Customs and courtesies help make life orderly and are a way of showing respect. Customs are regular, expected actions. They have been repeated over and over again and passed from one leader to another over many generations. Courteous actions show your concern and respect for others you work for and work with also for certain object or symbols, such as the American flag. The use of customs, courtesies, and ceremonies helps keep discipline and o rder in any military organization. Still being used today every day from the playing of Reveille toShow MoreRelatedCustoms and courtesies Essay2099 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ US Army Customs and Courtesies A custom is a social norm stemming from tradition and enforced as an unwritten law. A courtesy is a respectful behavior often linked to a custom. A military courtesy is such behavior extended to a person or thing that honors them in some way. Military customs and courtesies define the profession of arms. When you display military customs and courtesies in various situations, you demonstrate to yourself and others your commitment to duty, honor, and countryRead MoreThe Importance of Flag Detail in the Military Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagessoldiers, we pledge to honor, serve, and protect the flag and the United States of America at all cost. In this paper, the relationship between the American flag and the United States Army will be explored through the histories of both. Furthermore, the importance of flag detail will be discussed by linking the two entities together as one. Without the American flag’s representation, the Army has no purpose; no means to exist. The first American flag was introduced in May of 1976 in which Betsy RossRead MoreArmy. Corrective Training for Infractions Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Print Essay Order A Custom Essay Accountability And Professionalism Submitted by: darriningrahamDate Submitted: 01/07/2009Category: MiscellaneousWords: 1565Pages: 7Views: 1522Popularity Rank: 4322 Accountability Professionalism in the United States of Americas ARMY DMIs ESSAY September 5, 2008 Outline Intro, Definition of Essay,    I. Infraction    II. The affect it has on my unit and myself    II. The importance of accountability in the army III. The importance of professionalismRead MoreMilitary Culture2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe ever changing and evolving culture of Veterans is reviewed and discussed in this paper. This paper has five main parts which include: description of the culture, historical information, stereotypes, important values and beliefs, and counseling approaches. Keywords: veterans, culture, stereotypes, values, beliefs, counseling The Veteran Culture The Veteran Culture is discussed in this paper. The paper is divided into five sections which include: a.) description of the culture; b.) historicalRead MoreCultural Awareness Means Developing Compassion And Understanding Of Another Ethnic Group3653 Words   |  15 Pagesmorals, customs and any capabilities and habits acquired by a person as a member of society† (Adler 18). Cultural awareness means developing compassion and understanding of another ethnic group. Soldiers must be cognizant of the importance of cultural awareness due to the Army mission of supporting national policies and interests. This means a soldier must be ready to be a part of a globally reactionary force and ready to engage with people of different cultures and customs. This research paper willRead MoreCultural Awareness : Pakistan And United States Relations3136 Words   |  13 Pagescultural awareness going into a conflict is a powerful strategy of counter-insurgency. My intent with this paper is to provide an understanding of Pakistan culture with the desire of bringing cultural awareness to United States Army and show how to accomplish the ultimate victory, which depends upon the hearts and minds of the people. To achieve this understanding, I have organized my paper into four sections. In the first section, I will discuss Pakistani society and culture. This will show theRead More Prosthetic Limbs : Past, Present, and Future Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesProsthetic Limbs: Past, Present, and Future Abstract: The purpose of my research paper is to discover how artificial limbs work in conjunction with the human body, which plastics are used in prosthetic limbs, and if there are any better possible plastics out there that can be used. The 1.9 million people in America who have lost limbs find it hard to pay for them, since they’re very expensive, so I looked into materials used, which are currently plastics such as polypropylene and carbonRead MoreRecruiting And Retention Non Commissioned Officer2274 Words   |  10 Pagesthe end I owe all my success to the time I spent in the Army National Guard. Throughout this paper I will be showing different statistics or demographics of the high school I feel is the most important school I need to focus on. When I start to look at the school year, I have to devote certain time and effort, so I need to develop a school program that will help generate leads and referrals. By conducting presentations about the ARNG (Army National Guard) on such topics as the role of the ARNGRead MoreDevelopment Of The Current Nursing3012 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract With this task, we provide a brief view of the most important events of the past that directly influenced the development of the current nursing and that molded system wide health care, related to nursing. With this paper, we can demonstrate how throughout the history of nursing, have been necessary changes related to the overcoming of the nurse; the need to implement titles and different categories to make effective the intellectual grade of our nurses and the effectiveness of its workRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagessecurity policies and procedures. They must not enter classified tactics, techniques, and procedures currently in use for military operations. It is the responsibility of the command to classify SOPs-when in development and when approved-consistent with Army Regulation (AR) 380-5 and to ensure compliance with AR 380-10 for foreign disclosure. Every SOP must have the signature of the approving authority within your chain of command before it is a legal document. Normally, at the squad or platoon level,

Understanding Learning And Memory With The Morris Water...

Chioma M. Nwokochah BIO 482L Lab Report 18 October 2015 Understanding Learning and Memory with the Morris Water Maze Abstract The overstimulation of GABA inhibitory receptors in the hippocampus has been found to obstruct spatial learning and memory. Ethanol was administered to male Swiss Webster mice in low and high doses in order to test its pharmacological effects on memory. The Morris water maze experiment was conducted as the experimental basis of understanding ethanol’s capacity to inhibit and/or suppress cognition, specifically memory in the hippocampus. Three individually marked, male, 47 day-old Swiss Webster mice per 5 groups were used to conduct the Morris water maze experiment. The average time spent in the water amongst all 3 experimental groups decreased post-injection; with the 10% ethanol treated mice having the best memory recall. There were a few factors that may have contributed to the surprising results of the experiment, such as a small sample size and varying tolerance levels. Understanding the role of GABA and glutamate in cognition can provide the foundation for further researc h and experimentation of memory formation and recall in the hippocampus. Introduction Learning and memory have been topics of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists alike for several years and have become a phenomenon in scientific research and behavioral neuroscience. The hippocampus is the control station of spatial learning and memory inShow MoreRelatedSpatial Learning And Memory At Acute And Chronic Sleep Deprivation Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesSpatial learning and memory are very important to humans in their everyday life. It helps them remember where they parked their car, how to get from home to work, or how to get to the hospital in an emergency. It was a difficult topic to study until Richard Morris created the Morris water maze in 1981. Since then, it has become simpler to observe not only rats, but also human’s spatial learning and memory. There have been a lot of studies on spatial learning and memory and how to enhance it or whatRead MoreHow Hunger Motivation Affects A Rat s Memory And Spatial Reasoning875 Words   |  4 Pagesbuild a rat maze and find out how hunger motivation affects a rat’s memory and spatial reasoning. By learning more about what drives a rat’s actions we could in turn learn more about humans and what motivates them. Understanding why animals are motivated to complete a task can shed light onto reasons why animals behave the way they do and why animals chose to repeat a behavior. Background Information: For our experiment, we will be testing if motivation from hunger affects the memory and spatialRead MoreMemory Formation And Its Effects On The Nervous System1492 Words   |  6 Pages Memory formation takes place in the nervous system and these memories are mediated by gene expression where long-lasting changes take place between neurons in synaptic connections. In 1949, Hebb postulated, when two neurons are activated at the same time, strengthening of synaptic efficiency will result in the appropriate synapse (Lynch, 2004). Since then efforts have been channeled into understanding mechanisms responsible for synaptic strengthening refereed to as long-term potentiation (LTP),Read MoreUnderstanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I3569 Words   |  15 PagesUnderstanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 from an Epidemiological, Animal Model, Cognitive and Neurological Perspective ***Look for MORAN, L 2014 Paper*** Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) is characterized by secondary infections, cognitive and behavioral impairments, and neurological impairments (Reid et al. 2001; Vigorito et al. 2007; Lashomb et al. 2009; Moran et al. 2014; Bertrand et al. 2014; Roscoe et al. 2014). In 1996, the development of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART)Read MoreTaking a Look at Memory Consolidation1464 Words   |  6 Pagespreviously heralded definition of memory consolidation, an influx of research addressing various theories of; consolidation, reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. 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Cheng (1986) suggested that learning the geometry of enclosing surfaces takes place in a geometric module blind to other spatial information. Failures to find blocking or overshadowing of geometry learning by features near a goal seem consistent with this view. The authors present an operant model in which learning spatial features competes with geometry learning, asRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pagesthe stalks are still somewhat moist, and do not float as buoyantly as completely dried stalks, they need not o o be weighted so heavily. The retting water is from 23 to 30 C. depending on the depth of the water and its exposure to direct sunlight. (Hungarian retting takes a week or ten days in much cooler water, or only a few days in warm geothermal water.) After the brief retting the stalks are again laid out on the field in a single layer and partially dried in the sun for 2 to 3 days. If the initialRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas

B2B †Product Marketing Plan.rev1 Free Essays

The vison of the wool manufacturing sector of Australia is to expand its export sales to emerging markets in the ASEAN region. Emerging markets are those of the developing countries with high demand on basic raw materials for clothing manufacturing and other industries related to uses of fiber, plus the corollary products from the same category of industry. Emerging markets maybe from developing countries, rather than highly developed ones. We will write a custom essay sample on B2B – Product Marketing Plan.rev1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mission would be to penetrate these emerging markets, create a foothold with the right liaison procedures and obtain long term contracts for wool, wool products and its ancillaries. The main objective is to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector, thereby contributing to the GNP and GDP of Australia to improve per capita income and to generate more employment. The specific objectives are: a. To find out the trade channels of emerging markets in the ASEAN Region and penetrate these markets. b. To develop the right strategy how to penetrate these emerging markets and establish long-term trading activities with the same. c. To research more uses of the wool fiber as raw material, whether in bulk raw wool or thread wool or fabric wool. d. To involve foreign investors as allies in the development of wool fiber for new uses of wool and its corollary products mentioned herein. e. To secure a captured market in exchange for foreign investments. 1. 1 Sales Objectives The general sales objective is to establish a continuing and growing demand for export sales of wool, wollen products, probably new developed products out of wool, and corollary wool products, e. g. sheep meat or lambchops and sheep leather. The increase in sales may not actually mean increase in profitablity in the short term. It is the long term objective that is the main focus in order for sales projections to be drawn with ease and followed. Long term projections can only be done if investment-marketing contracts can also be drawn with the probable buyer of the manufactured products. It would be an investment laden project, such that the need for investment can be specifically pinpointed in terms of machinery, labor, working capital and project costs or, in order to find out the specific uses of the capital investment. From there, the Return on Investment (ROI) or the Return to Equity (ROE) can be calculated and deemed to be viable or feasible to Autralian preferences. Thus, the sales objective considers the long term viability of the project and determines what level of equity the Australians should allow any foreign investor to come in and intervene in the wool industry. 1. 2 Product Positioning There is no substitute for a high quality, optimum priced product and consistent supply and these factors must be the position of the products. In order to elaborate further the market position, it is best to enumerate the products that may come from the wool industry, expound the charecteristics of the products and analyze where it uses would be. Thereon, there could be research and development (RD) to improve the product so that there is value added when it is sold. a. Bulk Raw Wool Fibers Bulk raw wool fibers maybe classified. The usual process starts with sheering, washing, bleaching, drying and bailing. Then there can be classifying, perhaps, into which batch comes from a more mature or younger herd of sheeps or known sheep varieties. Another way, which would need RD, is to find out how to separate the long fibers from the short fibers. Then the method of classification can be into long and short fibers. Machineries can be designed to seggregate which fibers are long or short. Both kind of fibers can be wooven into fabric with different characterics and long fibers can be an additive in matress production for car seats. In Europe car seats have organic fibers as substitute for foam cushions, and is already a regulation. Foam cushions produce toxic fumes when it burns in case of accidents. b. Wool Thread If and when wool can be seggregated into long and short fibers, there can also be two kinds of threads produced. Short fibers will produce thread with short elasticity because the spinning process produces a more fine textured thread. Long fibers will produce thread that is more elastic, which is wool’s characteristic and has been accepted by users of this thread. Fine thread from wool can become a new product which can be compared to cotton thread. c. Wool Fabric When wooven into cloth, long fibers make the cloth stretchable. The stretchable fabric is usually used for insulation such as sweaters and blankets, the main finished products of wool. Although standard woolen fabric is good insulation, it has a charcteristic very distinct from cotton cloth. The wool fibers are a bit abbrasive and may induce allergy or itchiness to human skin and is generally heavier than cotton fabric. Should there be fine thread from short fibers wooven into wool fabric, then the outcome would be fine and lighter cloth, which can become a versatile material in sewing clothes. Definitely, this range of product development needs RD. d. Sheep Leather Sheep skin can be processed into leather to manufacture rubber shoes. China and Korea are becoming top producers of rubber shoes. Those countries could be the target market of sheep leather if it were tanned in Autralia. Thus, tanning sheep leather can become a side manufacturing concern of the wool industry. Cow and kangaroo leather from Australia is already known in the world market. It would not hurt if the sheep leather market can be developed. Rather than disposing sheep skin as fertilizer, it may be manufactured into leather. e. Sheep Meat or Lamb Chops It is only logical that there is consistency in the supply of raw materials for wool. Thus, backward integration to produce wool becomes an inevitable factor when there are plans to expand the wool market. Therefore, sheep production, which Australia is also known for, becomes an integrated portion of the wool export industry. Sheep are proliferous and multiply like goats and there will be surplus of sheep in terms of number of heads if the wool industry were to expand. Lamb meat can become one of the ancillary products of the wool industry and capacity of processing plants for fresh or even canned sheep meat must be ready when the market is developed. 1. 3 Product Objectives It is best to enumerate again what are the probable export products derived from the wool industry: short fiber raw wool, long fiber raw wool, fine wool thread, ordinary wool thread, lamb chops/sheepmeat, and sheep leather. The overall product objective is to enhance the development of products manufactured from the wool sector. This sector starts from the livestock production of sheep, an integral part of agriculture. Wool must not be the only product that can derived from this industry. In terms of short and long fibers that need RD, new machineries may have to be brought in. This could be done by asking foreign investors to conduct the research, design and fabricate the machinery themselves. The machines needed would pertain to milling machines, weaving, and knitting machines. If China were the choice of partnership, it has already developed its machineries for weaving and knitting. It may be the milling machine that should be designed in order to segregate the short and long fibers before milling into threads. The threads may be further processed so that the texture could be close to or the same as silk, a well known Chinese fabric. In any case, innovation should come in so that the end products becomes a new one and will probably have its place in the fashion world, which is very big business. Should this happen, there will be curiousity from European buyers, thereby creating a damand, as the capital of fashion is in Paris, France. This would expand the manufacturing sector thereby generating more employment for the locales. In terms of sheep meat, blast freezing and cold storage facilities upgrade may be needed for the expansion of the industry. Foreign investors may also be invited. The same protocol may be applied to sheep leather manufacturing. The machineries acquisition can be negotiated such that it may come in the form of a loan, whereby, part of the payments would be in the form of manufactured products the machineries would churn out. In general, the direction of this concern is towards expanding the manufacturing sector in processing, increase employment, generate export revenues and foreign investments. 1. 4 Pricing Objectives General market re-entry, just like pricing, is an art. The general pricing objective is to retain optimum profits that would benefit the industry in the long term. The volume of business may compensate the optimum profit margins when the demand for the manufactured products increase. The pricing should be generally lower than competition. This would attract foreign manufacturers to buy the wool and woolen products. When it comes to leather, the pricing should be comparable to hog leather (e.. g. Hush Puppies use hog leather). Only when if it becomes a fad and is highly sought for, should sheep leather prices be increased to a maximum level. Shoes are a basic necessity too. Leather bags and luggage may not be a necessity and fashion trends may dictate the demand for these leather products. When it comes to sheep meat, prices should go lower than that of pork or chicken prices as cheap food is a sign of progress. Generally, product innovation should be one of the largest factors in product objectives. It is a fact that wool has been a fabric since the medieval ages and is outdated. Sheep meat has been a staple food to some countries but has not been promoted as a low cholesterol meat. Sheep skin could have been used only as insulation or rough clothing during the medieval ages also, and not as leather for shoes and bags. Innovation is altering the product so that when it is used or consumed, it is new and attractive. Thereon, consistency in supply and quality again should be sustained. Lastly, when innovation is implemeted, the product or products has to pass the taste and preferences of the target market. Test marketing can be done through the trade envoys in the various embassies. That wold be part of promotion and advertising already. 1. 5 Retail Objectives As previously mentioned, one of the objectives is to sell the products to wholesalers and not go into direct retailing. The fibers of bulk wool, and wool thread may be sold to textile mills suppliers. The woven fabric may be sold to textile wholesalers whose down the line customers are tailors, haberdashers and manufacturers of apparel. The leather can be sold to large leather wholesalers. Lastly, the meat can be sold to a main office of a chain of grocery stores. 2. 0 SWOT Analysis of the Products a. Short and Long Wool Fibers in Bulk, Fine and Ordinary Wool Thread, and Fine and Ordinary Wool Textile Wool fibers and products are unique in a sense that it provides better protection against cold weather. It is organic in nature and does not come from synthetic resins. It has been known to be the source of textile since production in Europe started. Clothing sewn from wool generally cater to residents of temperate and artic countries. Australia, because of its vast grazing lands can produce sheep in voluminous quantities assuring the consistency of supply. These are the strengths of these products. The weaknesses of wool products is that Australia’s geographic position is far from temperate and artic zones that are most populated, no market. On the side of the globe where Australia is located, the most developed market is Japan. Europian markets are not that accessible due to the distance which would increase freight costs. Another weakness is the acceptability of wool sewn clothing. Though fabric from wool make good blankets, its acceptability seem to be outdated because of the emergence of felt and other cotton like materials that are also thick and provides good insulation from the cold. Blankets and sweaters are the most sewn apparel from wool, with the introduction of thicker textile substitutes, the demand for wool decreased. Another weakness is in terms of the acceptability of the fabric when in contact with human skin which may induce allergies. Lastly, the fabric produced is heavier in terms of weight, than other fabrics. Opportunities lie in the current and biggest emerging market, China. China is about 2 billion in population. China is an aggressive market because it has positioned itself in the ASEAN Region with trading agents and its strategy has become an open trade policy if proper liaison can be done. With very cheap machineries fabricated from the mainland, it may be possible to negotiate the RD portion for the bulk wool fiber. The biggest threat comes from its largest competitor, cotton. Cotton is light and is very variable in terms of sewing clothing. Countries producing cotton are located near the tropical zone and are positioned nearer the emerging markets than Australia, meaning the freight costs are cheaper. b. Sheep Leather The strength of this product also lie in Australia’s capacity to produce it in bulk and it may come out cheaper than cow leather. The opportunity lie in the huge market in China and Korea for leather and it may mean the introduction of the product at the right quality, quantity and price to garner this market. As earlier mentioned, China and Korea have been manufacturing rubber shoes. The threat is again is in its competitor, cow leather, and Australia’s own leather production may be the same culprit. Balancing the export of the leather products, whether it comes from cow, kangaroos or sheep might be hard to implement if there is over production. c. Sheep Meat/Lambchops The strength of this product lie in the consistency of production. With the vast grazing lands in Australia and its agriculture technology, sheep production has become comparable with cow production. Australia has gone into export of lamb meat during the mid 90’s, but has not fully developed the market potential. Australia is also known for its beef supply, though sheep meat has already been marketed (e. g. Philippines), the market forces somewhat gave the impression that supply is inconsistent. The weakness of this product is its acceptability because of its semi-pungent odor and knowledge has to be transferred to those who would cook it. Sheep meat, the same with goat meet, has to be processed or seared with heat first before it is cooked and the process is just simple frying of the exposed surfaces. There is a very large market opportunity for this due to two (2) given and existing circumstances: (1) there is growing consciousness about the carrying capacity of bad cholesterol of pork, chicken and beef, and (2) Muslims do not eat beef and they tend to shy away from pork as customary practice, instead, goat’s or sheep’s meat is preferred. The Muslim people and Chinese (because of the large population) in the ASEAN would also be in need of food. The opportunity to develop the demand for lambchops or sheep meat exists. This is a very large opportunity because there are large Muslim populations also in the same region. Mindanao in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have a significant number of Muslims in their populace. Sheep meat has threats from cheap pork and chicken meat (beef prices are very high). Producers of pork and chicken in the ASEAN have been in the doldrums too because of the high cost of feed ingredients but once in a while there is glut in these particular markets when the U. S. and Canada dumps its excess production into the ASEAN region. The nations where excess are dumped generally protect their producers by imposing high tariffs for these products and this may also pose a threat if sheep meat becomes a lot cheaper than prices of pork or chicken. 3. 0 Strategies The brand positioning of wool, woolen products, sheep meat and leather may take the low key, low profile stance at first. Raw material from Australia, final product made in China or Korea. Australians may, might as well take advantage of the cheap labor from these manufacturing countries, and should allow the same to manufacture the end or final products such as shoes and apparel. When it comes to sheep meat, it could carry an Australian brand since there is no other large sheep production in the region. The market entry or re-entry strategy can be to invite Chinese investors to conduct the RD portion for the short and long fiber segregation. Let them develop and fabricate the machinery then buy the machinery from them with the intent to supply the manufactured fibers to them also. With fiber segregation, comes thread production, then textile milling or fabric production. The Chinese have already machinery for these and it could be included in the package. It may revolutionize Australia’s textile industry. The practice of machinery acquisition in exchange of manufactured end product or raw materials have already been done by the Chinese in Thailand and the Philippines. To exemplify, vapor heat treatment plants for mangoes were put up in Thailand in corroboration with a private company and the Thailand government, provided the Chinese will buy the entire mango produced. In the Philippines, decorticating machines for coconut fibers were loaned to a government agency in charge of the coconut industry, provided all the fibers (whether short or long fibers) were bought back. Thus market entry or re-entry is possible with the Chinese, to supply the RD, needed machinery, and provided all the produce would be bought back. The general strategy for market expansion is to let foreign investors come in and put up their own plants to manufacture the mentioned products herein, provided they market the products themselves. Sales strategy advertising is easy with the global upgrade in information technology. But, for the general public to be aware of emerging new policies of trading in Australia could require direct advertising in television and newspapers. This could be done through the trade consuls of the embassies of Australia in the countries within the ASEAN Region. The strategy for product positioning can be generalized to be generic sold products at first, and then acquire a brand name later on. This could probably mean that the goods are traded are in bulk status. 3. 1 Sales Strategies For market segmentation, the particulars could be Japan, China, and Muslims from the ASEAN Region. It would be better to cut off the supply with Japan first, let China enter. Market forces should be monitored for control and market research. China has several retail outlets in key cities in Japan (Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, etc.. ). For Muslims, which would pertain to sheep meat marketing, trade consuls can offer counter trade measures to promote the product. Counter trade means there is no change hands of currency but plain barter. This is usually done on a government to government (G-to-G) basis. Stratety in distribution would be in terms of volume. The best would be to allow China to buy all, as this has been their practice with other countries. Slowly remove the Japanese market and let the Chinese do the trading and networking, make the Chinese Australia’s allies in trading. Definitely there will be some unpleasant reactions with the U. S. and the U. K. with these move, thus the Australian government should be ready for this. 3. 2 Product Strategies The product strategies can come in terms of service and support. When the Chinese have decided to enter into Australian territories, they might as well have some incentives like free trade zones, less tariffs for machineries, dedicated warehouses and maritime discounts in berthing their ships. This can justify adjusted lower FOB pricing rates and the high costs of freight.. 3. 3 Pricing Strategies Now that the general strategy is to tap China as an emerging market, at first FOB prices of the manufactured goods must be 5 to 10 per cent lower compared to its competitors. This should be done provided a yearly marketing contract can be inked with the Chinese. Chinese traders practice forard buying; which means that they might opt to buy the whole production for one year of a manufacturing plant, securing a low price and selling the manufactured goods when prices of the goods go up. This semi-monopolistic in nature but works very well if a company is into trading and has very huge capital base. Forward buying is very capital intensive. 3. 4 Retail Strategies The trends for market position of wool and its corollary products should start from the very basic step of the product chain that it can access abroad, the wholesalers. China is a wholesaler and bulk trader. The manufacturing sector of wool and other products must at first, take a stand that their final export product must give a privilege for better profit for the wholesalers as their allies. In the short run, this may mean that in order for the products to penetrate the retail market, other people outside the wholesalers network must be deplored and employed by the wholesalers themselves. It also may mean that the wholesalers that are buying the final export products could independently establish their own retail chains. Thus, the first position of the wool and other corollary wool products should be that of the wholesalers dominion. The next, and without violation of the terms and conditions with the current wholesalers, would be the retailing sector. 5. 0 Budget The product marketing plan must come in phases; therefore, it would be hard to arrive at a fix budget for the total project cost of implementing the plan. Only in the first phase can a budget be appropriated for approval. The first phase would be to approve the concept and policies in the magistrates of the Australian government and conduct advertising and marketing campaigns for the re-aligned trade and marketing policies through the embassies. TV and newspaper promotions would be the bulk of the cost of the campaign. Let us estimate the allocation at A$ 200,000. 00 per country, targeting seven (7) countries; total estimated budget is A$ 1. 4MM. This can suffice buying airtime and newspaper publishing for one year. Additional single-liaison staff maybe hired in the embassies but the representation allowance should be flexible, as Chinese representatives are hungry for wine and dine related negotiations. 5. 0 Future Trends and Issues of Marketing Concern The future trends in the global market: more use of organic fibers and leather rather than synthetic substitutes because of the characteristic that synthetics churn toxic fumes when it burns. In the last few decades when there was little awareness on accidents concerning toxic fumes, the trend was to use non-organic fibers. But when research resulted to synthetic fibers as the source of toxicity, the manufacturing sector using synthetics has slowly reverted to organic sources. This is the same trend with foods and sheep meat as health food will become a fad. The future issues that may arise are that of capital flight to Australia from China, exchange rate fluctuations, currency retention in the partner countries. This can be addressed by lowering or totally eliminating the trade deficits between partner countries. Whereas, Australia may buy Chinese machinery and equipment in return for a captured export market, at both profitable levels of operation, ROI’s and ROE’s can be internally kept a secret within and between both trading partners. 6. 0 Conclusion The product marketing plan designed herein to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector in Australia is to garner a corresponding increase in the gross trade revenues of the country as a whole. It must consider the balance of trade with the ally it will do the trading with. In terms of foreign investments, the trading partner, in this particular case it is China, Australia must be very cautious in the pricing of the machineries and the technology that China will bring in. Machineries and technology prices are hard to determine especially if the entity who would buy such were not involved in the actual design of the latter. Australia could only specify the technical data and the percieved or target outputs of the machineries. At any rate, technology is a fast maturing factor. New technologies emerge as the old ones are still being used. It may be that the cost at the start would be very high, but as the machineries depreciate, the technology depreciates and so with the cost. Further, the after sales service agreement with the Chinese for the machineries could be designed in a such a way that the acquisition of spare parts and other necessary materials to run the machineries can be less costly. These would all depend on the transparency of the trading partner. The logic behind it is that both partners should make enough profits from a sustainable industry and the profits should be declared as transparent as possible. This is the very reason why the long-term goals are the focus of the product marketing plan. The rest of the strategies can be adjusted along the way if the plan implementation should follow another path and not as intended. The planners can think of 1,001 strategies and can implement some of them after the planning stage. When implementation diverts from what has been as planned, alternative strategies could be applied. The best thing that could happen is to be right the first time, during implementation. References: Agdayemawer, M. L. (1992). International marketing strategy. Jaipur, India: Printwell. Alexander, P. , Earland, C. , Hudson, R. F. Wool : its chemistry and physics. Argy, F. , Committee for Economic Development of Australia. (1992). A long term economic strategy for Australia : key policy themes : an Australia that works, a vision for the future. Melbourne, Vic. : Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Argy, F. , Committee for Economic Development of Australia. (1993). A long term economic strategy for Australia a discussion paper. Canberra: CEDA. Australia. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Wool. Situation and outlook. Canberra: A. G. P. S. Australia. Wool Textile Industry Study Group. , Australia. Dept. of Industry and Commerce. (1980). The Australian wool textile industry : a report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Wool, Australia. Canberra: ABS. Australian Wool Corporation. , Running Stitch (Textile group). (1985). Wool quilts old and new : catalogue to an exhibition June 16th to 30th 1985, Wool House. Parkville, Vic: Australian Wool Corporation. Baker, M. J. (2000). Marketing strategy and management (3rd ed. ). Basingstoke: Macmillan. Bell, M. L. , Vincze, J. W. (1988). Managerial marketing : strategy and cases. New York: Elsevier. Bosanquet, N. (1977). Economic strategy : a new social contract. London: Fabian Society. English, W. The textile industry: an account of the early inventions of spinning, weaving, and knitting machines. Findlay, C. C. , Itao, M. , Australia-Japan Research Centre. (1994). Wool in Japan : structural change in the textile and clothing market. Pymble, N. S. W. : Harper Educational Publishers in association with Australia-Japan Research Centre Australian National University. Harvard business review. Marketing strategy series, pts. Hughes, J. (1967). An economic strategy for Labour. London: Fabian Society. Indian Statistical Institute. Economic strategy and the Third Plan. International Wool Secretariat. Interior Textiles Group. (1986). Wool upholstery handbook. Ilkley: Development Centre International Wool Secretariat. Jenkins, J. G. The wool textile industry in Great Britain. LEADACHINA INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS PTE LTD. (2006). Investments Trade. 2006, from http://leadachina. en. ec21. com/company_info. jsp LeCouteur, G. S. Wool! Modern myths, new horizons, with an introd. Longworth, J. W. , Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. (1990). The Wool industry in China : some Chinese perspectives. Mount Waverley, Vic. : Inkata Press in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Maclaren, J. A. (1981). Wool science : the chemical reactivity of the wool fibre. Sydney: Science Press. Munro, J. H. A. Wool, cloth, and gold : the struggle for bullion in Anglo-Burgundian trade, 1340-1478. Neal, C. M. , Quester, P. G. , Hawkins, D. I. (2004). Consumer behaviour : implications for marketing strategy (4th ed. ). Boston, Mass. ; North Ryde, N. S. W. : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Onions, W. J. (1962). Wool : an introduction to its properties, varieties, uses and production. London: E. Benn. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1981). Emission control costs in the textile industry. Paris: Oecd. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Group of Experts on the Social Aspects of New Technologies. (1988). New technologies in the 1990s : a socio-economic strategy. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Ponting, K. G. (1961). The wool trade : past and present. Manchester: Columbine Press. Ronald, H. B. (1987). Wool before the wind : a history of the Ronald family and the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company. South Yarra, Vic: Landvale Enterprises. Ryder, M. L. , Stephenson, S. K. (1968). Wool growth. London: Academic Press. Stifel, L. D. The textile industry – a case study of industrial development in the Philippines. Textile Council Of Australia. Statistical handbook of the textile industry in Australia. Toyne, B. (1984). The Global textile industry. London ; Boston: Allen Unwin. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. The Textile industry : perspectives for industrial development in the second United Nations development decade. New York: United Nations. University of New England. Dept. of Adult Education. Wool and wool marketing. White, L. (1981). Wool in wartime : a study in colonialism. Sydney: Alternative Publishing Co-operative. Winyard, S. (1980). Trouble looming : low pay in the wool textile industry. London: Low Pay Unit. Woldendorp, R. , McDonald, R. , Burdon, A. (2003). Wool : the Australian story. Fremantle, W. A. : Fremantle Arts Centre Press in association with Richard Woldendorp. Wool Research and Development Fund (Australia), Australian Wool Board. Wool Production Resarch Division. , Australian Wool Corporation. Production Research Dept. , Wool Research Trust Fund (Australia), Australian Wool Corporation. Research and Development Dept. , Australian Wool Corporation. Research projects (Wool Research and Development Fund (Australia)). Sydney: Australian Wool Corporation Research and Development Dept. Wool, R. P. (1994). Polymer interfaces : structure and strength. Munich: Hanser Publishers. How to cite B2B – Product Marketing Plan.rev1, Essays

Maslow and Motivation Hierarchy System

Question: Discuss about the Maslow and Motivation Hierarchy System. Answer: Introduction: I believe that Coveys seven habits prove to be effective tools warranted for living an ethically appropriate business, social and personal life (McGuinness McElroy, 2010). Indeed, proactive attitude in my opinion is the best method of overcoming an occupational health hazard or an unprecedented environmental tragedy (Al-Shidhani, 2011). I understand that application of proactive strategies warrants the self-assessment of ones weaknesses, strengths, capacities, motivations as well as blind spots. The proactive ideology in my opinion advocates the analysis of the outcomes of any situation, for taking remedial measures prior to the occurence of adversities in real time scenario. I was deployed as a security officer in a rehabilitation centre, where the electricity powerhouse suddenly caught fire. I assisted the fire extinguisher team for mitigating the intensity of fire while evaluating the criticality of the situation. It took more than 5 hours for acquiring complete control on the fi re. However, by that time, much of the damage to the structure of the firehouse had happened and some of the workers deployed in the workstation suffered from minor injuries. I personally feel that the execution of mitigating steps during the onset of fire becomes critical in the absence of any proactive measure and thats what happened in the rehabilitation centre, thereby leading to the occurrence of traumatic episodes with the staff members and considerable damage to the rehabilitation infrastructure. I felt traumatized during the event and could not prioritize the immediate steps requiring execution for taking control on the expanding fire. I am sure that the lack of proactive measures was primarily responsible for the extended time that was consumed in controlling the fire. The fire workers had no clue of the systematic steps that they had to undertake for overcoming the state of emergency. The non-systematic and non-proactive approaches were deployed for controlling the fire in the rehabilitation centre. Furthermore, absence of adequate safety precautions and mock drills was primarily responsible for the considerable delay that eventually resulted in the state of panic following the onset of fire. I think that I could have evaluated all safety measures in a proactive manner and participated in various fire drills in the context of gaining expertise and confidence in handling the occupational unprecedented emergency. The action plan attributes to the deployment of proactive strategies while evaluating all safety parameters for the effective implementation of mitigation strategies warranted for overcoming the state of panic and trauma experienced by healthcare workers as well as other staff members deployed at the rehabilitation center. IOSHs Code of Conduct The code of conduct prescribed by IOSH advocates the requirement of active rehabilitation of people at their work place (IOSH, 2017). I understand that rehabilitation conventions outlined by IOSH assist the employees to continue their execution at workplace despite experiencing chronic disease conditions. I can recall an event at my workplace where a diabetic employee experienced an acute hypoglycaemia episode during the working hours. Adverse symptoms resulted in heavy sweating and dizziness due to which he fainted at his work station. The occupational physician was immediately called by the management and the employee was rushed to the emergency room for instant evaluation. The employee seemed dehydrated and therefore the vitals were recorded and after analysis of his blood glucose level (through a reagent strip). Intravenous hydration intervention was then performed and oral glucose was administered for stabilizing the blood glucose level of the patient. I believe that the IOSH co de of conduct was stringently followed in this event and the occupational practitioner did his level best in providing immediate remedial intervention for effectively improving the adverse manifestations experienced by the patient. I believe that the adverse event occurred because of absence of periodic monitoring of the patient by the healthcare teams in the occupational setting. The IOSH code of conduct advocates the requirement of consistent evaluation of chronically ill employees with the objective of reducing their predisposition towards acquiring adverse disease manifestations. While being an occupational health officer, I could have assisted the healthcare team in performing regular surveillance of the employees with the objective of reducing their scope of experiencing health adversities during the working hours. I could have followed the conventions advocated by the good clinical practice and conducted education sessions for the employees with the objective of enhancing the ir knowledge regarding medical emergencies and associated remedial steps warranted for avoiding the occurrence of life threatening conditions at the workplace. The action plan attributes to the dissemination of self-care knowledge among all employees and educating them regarding the utilization of first aid interventions warranted during medical emergencies. I would advise the chronically ill patients to work from home as per their convenience and instruct them to undergo periodic health check-ups with the objective of effectively monitoring their health conditions at regular intervals of time. Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle Gibbs reflective cycle is a theoretical convention deployed by the healthcare students in the context of undertaking the process of reflective writing (Burzotta Noble, 2011). This reflective model requires the description of a (healthcare related) event in six segregated steps and assists the student in describing the action plan for prospective remediation. I believe that Gibbs model helps the student in exploring innovative ideas regarding an event for self-improvement as well as systematic elevation in thinking skills. Gibbs model instructs the student for providing thorough detail of any event and advocates the description of individual feelings regarding the event in a reflective manner. I understand that the evaluation of an event requires the thorough description of the event in terms of its context and outcomes. The type of experience gained during the event and the associated positive or negatives results also require systematic description by the student while utilizing re flexive approaches. I believe that analysis of the event should be done in a manner to emphasize the causative factors associated with the event as well as the consequences of intervention. I think that the conclusion section of the Gibbs model asks the student to explore his/her individual capacity of modifying the outcomes of the event under similar circumstances. The student also receives an opportunity of effectively relating his/her learning goals and competency level with the positive and negative aspects of the event and its associated consequences. The action plan includes the remedial steps performed with the objective of mitigating the complex outcomes of the event. The leadership management styles are divided into post-hoc management, micro-management, seagull management and various other types. An ideal leadership management follows the democratic style where managers involve the entire team while resolving a potential conflict (Al-Sawai, 2013). The democratic leadership style follows proactive approaches and attempt to avoid the frequent occurrence of conflicts between the employees in a real-time environment (Vesterinen, et al., 2013). I think that the preliminary objective of involving all team members in decision-making attributes to the configuration of a common consensus for avoiding any adverse manifestation or contradiction following the successful resolution of conflict. Decisions are usually taken in with the agreement of the staff members; however, multiple opinions create complications during the process of decision making. I can recall an event at my workplace when my manager faced a workplace conflict following a harsh argument b etween two team members in relation to work related discrepancy. The manager intervened and took the view-points of the entire team members regarding the controversy. The decision was acceptable to both parties and hence the matter was settled effectively within a few minutes. I feel that this democratic way of resolving workplace conflicts is the best method, since it helps in forming a group consensus and assists in satisfying people regarding the configured decision. The conflict at my workplace was handled well by the manager and was resolved without creating any major controversy between the teams. The team members did not give multiple opinions on the matter and hence the issue was resolved without any complication. In this situation, I could have evaluated individual opinions of people by performing sessions with them to make sure that my decision was not enforced on them in any manner without their actual consent. The action plan attributes to the administration of instructi ons to all team members in relation to reporting of operational complications directly to the manager under an unfavourable situation. Tackling Conflicts I recently experienced the state of conflict between two employees in my company when they started undertaking argument following a serious disagreement on a work-related matter. I seriously felt the non-accomplishment of the attributes including self-esteem and confidence (advocated by Maslows Hierarchy of Needs) between individuals (Taormina Gao, 2013). I believe that the conflict was the direct result of the state of dissatisfaction between the employees. This dissatisfaction could have emanated between interpersonal discrepancies or conflicts of interest at workplace. The event resulted in a stressful situation warranting intervention by their reporting manager. The manager intervened accordingly and attempted to resolve the matter amicably in an accommodating manner. The manager proved to be a friendly helper and eventually gained the trust of both employees leading to timely settlement. I personally feel that the earnest conflict handling intentions of the manager considerably assisted the resolution of the discrepancy that eventually settled down the stressful situation. I believe that the friendly behaviour of the manager helped both employees in reducing the intensity of their arguments. The manager did now allow domination of any single person and gave ample time to both parties for explaining their individual concerns. The manager refrained from native discussion and emphasized the positivity while effectively influencing the behaviours of both employees. I think that the deployment of effective communication skills during the state of the conflict could have resolved the same in the shortest possible time and in a collaborative manner. I believe that the utilization of negotiation and mediation strategies could have assisted both parties in resolving their conflicts without arbitration by a third party. I further feel that the configuration of a work culture that can serve best for the systematic accomplishment of employees expectations, is the onl y strategy requiring deployment for effectively preventing the state of conflict between the employees. I personally feel that changes in the workplace are highly warranted with the objective of elevating the workplace safety and associated outcomes (Mahan, et al., 2014). I remember an event at my workplace when there had been a major gas leakage in the office premises leading to the situation of panic among the staff members. The emergency bell rung and the safety management team rushed to the site of leakage for stopping the occurrence of a major disaster. However, the lack of availability of safety tools at workplace left many employees injured and the stampede resulting from the panic situation resulted in traumatic episodes and associated health adversities among the staff members. I personally feel that this event is a red signal for companies who do not take concrete measures for changing the workplace safety culture warranted for reducing the probability of occurrence of disastrous health outcomes following the adverse events. I think that this safety change is highly required for saving the precious lives of employees who invest their time and efforts for attaining professional development at their workplace. In the presented scenario, safety personnel presumably did not receive training sessions regarding work safety measures and no previous workplace analysis was performed for evaluating safety parameters implemented for saving the lives of associated employees. The lack of safety measures in the workplace resulted in the absence of change warranted for effectively safeguarding the office premises and workforce. The fatalities that resulted from the gas leakage and resultant stampede could have been avoided by establishing major changes in the safety parameters at workplace. Labour management training required administration by safety teams for handling the casualties resulting from an unprecedented adverse event. The biggest change warranted for safeguarding the lives of workforce attributes to the acquisition of knowledge regarding safety enhancement tools and techniques requiring deployment at workplace for handling the traumatic episodes. The action plan includes the requirement of performing regular mock drills with the objective of preparing the staff members for undertaking remedial measures following the onset of adverse events. Indeed, empowerment of the workforce through various customized training approaches required for brining major safety related changes in the workplace for systematically minimizing occupational hazards (Lippin, et al., 2000). Health and occupational budgeting is utilized as an essential tool that systematically takes the income as well as expenditure into consideration for an effective departmental management and associated occupational advantages (Walsh, 2016). It assists in the evaluation of business performance and minimizing the probability of financial losses. I remember the event of budget presentation in my office that was undertaken with the objective of developing a common consensus in relation to financial planning. The budget was prepared after undertaking a lot of research as well as consultation with the business associates. Business plan was presented for the establishment of financial goals of the company and systematic strategies were evaluated for the assessment of costs related to health and occupational safety. Indeed, due to some technical flaws in the calculation of anticipated expenditure, the budget plan was summarily rejected by the company management. I personally feel that the de velopment of a business plan requires considerable efforts by the financial experts and therefore its rejection at any point of time creates elevated level of disappointment among the business associates. I think that proactive strategies were missing in the presented business plan leading to its rejection by the concerned authorities. I think that the configured plan was not at all audited systematically by the business as well as financial experts and due to that it failed to meet the organizations objectives and goals. I could have consulted statisticians and financial experts prior to configuring the business plan and requested them to audit the same for catching the technical inaccuracies before its presentation in front of management. The action plan attributes to the gathering of significant budgeting information, while evaluating its accuracy and authenticity in relation to the organizational goals and requirements. The effective management of expenses during budgeting is hi ghly required for presenting an authentic business plan (Osborne, 2013). Fair Employment Practices I understand that the objective of undertaking fair employment practices attributes to the non-discriminatory and fair selection of employees in accordance with the stipulated occupational parameters. I remember the selection procedure adopted in my company while selecting the health and occupational safety staff that made me understand the guiding principles involved in the deployment of fair employment practices in the professional setting. The selection procedure was improvised in a manner to select the candidates on the bases of their experience, merit, capabilities and knowledge related to the concerned job profile. The interviewees were treated with dignity and respect and no preference was given to any candidate with respect to his/her age, gender, religion and race (Bjelland, et al., 2010). Labour laws were practiced along with the Tripartite Guidelines for selecting the eligible candidates. I personally feel that the company employed a fair selection procedure while practici ng legal and ethical conventions warranted for selecting the potential candidates. I think that the selection of appropriate candidates resulted in the systematic enhancement of professional outcomes as well as companys profitability. This experience taught me the relevance of fair employment practices requiring implementation for selecting the most appropriate employees having potential of bringing the desirable occupational change under challenging circumstances. The action plan attributes to the facilitation of fair employment practices while referring the most eligible candidates for their systematic deployment in the occupational setting. I remembered an event when a labourer engaged in the construction work at our site was severely injured after experiencing a fall from the fourth floor of the under-construction building. The injury resulted in the occurrence of multiple fractures in the worker and eventually he experienced the pattern of permanent disability and associated manifestations. The worker was never interviewed by the company authorities and did not get adequate financial compensation since the root cause of the incident was not explored by the company as well as the legal agencies. I personally feel that adequate workplace accident investigation measures require deployment to evaluate the root cause of workplace accidents, with the preliminary objective of bringing justice to the workers affected with serious fatalities. The absence of root cause investigation resulted in the administration of inadequate treatment (due to financial constraints) that deteriorated the patients condition to the life-threaten ing level. I believe that the company policies had major flaws since they did not emphasize the requirement of root-cause analysis of the event. This major flaw could be utilized by the affected worker in filing litigation against the company in relation to the serious health loss suffered by him following the traumatic episode. This event became the source of my learning regarding workplace incident and I realised the requirement of performing root cause analysis of workplace incidents for surpassing the scope of litigation and providing justice to the affected workers (BATTAGLIA, et al., 2014). Workplace Incident Reporting I believe that workplace reporting is highly required by companies in the context of saving the lives of workers and for effectively surpassing complex litigation issues. I can recall an event in my company when a worker experienced severe head injuries after hitting his head from a road roller during his deployment in the workplace. The safety team immediately rushed at the event and provided first aid to the injured worker. The incident was instantly reported by fellow workers to the companys management as well as to a nearby local hospital. The worker was taken to the critical care unit in the hospital where he received medical interventions for treating his head trauma. The timely reporting of the event resulted in prompt action by the company management and the entire medical expense was accordingly taken care of by them in accordance with patients insurance coverage. I personally appreciate the action taken by fellow workers, safety team as well as company management in providi ng instant medical aid to the injured worker. This could not be possible without timely reporting of the event to companys management as well as hospital authorities. The worker received medical intervention in the shortest possible time; however, the severity of injuries challenged his prompt recovery in the hospital setting. This experience taught me the requirement of deploying a systematic workplace incident reporting system for providing prompt medical interventions to the patients affected with workplace injuries. Action plan attributes to the execution of periodic audits of the workplace incident reporting system and administration of mock drills for safeguarding the precious lives of the labourers at workplace. I believe that workplace reporting barriers need mitigation and the safety teams require enhancing their skills and knowledge warranted for systematically accomplishing the reporting requirements related to the workplace incident reporting system. References Al-Sawai, A., 2013. Leadership of Healthcare Professionals: Where Do We Stand?. Oman Medical Journal, 28(4), pp. 285-287. Al-Shidhani, T. A., 2011. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 11(3), pp. 426-427. BATTAGLIA, M., FREY, M. PASSETTI, E., 2014. Accidents at Work and Costs Analysis: A Field Study in a Large Italian Company. Industrial Health, 52(4), pp. 354-366. Bjelland, M. J. et al., 2010. Age and Disability Employment Discrimination: Occupational Rehabilitation Implications. Journal of Occupationakl Rehabilitation, 20(4), pp. 456-471. Burzotta , L. Noble , H., 2011. The dimensions of interprofessional practice. British Journal of Nursing, 20(5), pp. 310-315. IOSH, 2017. Rehabilitation. [Online] Available at: https://www.iosh.co.uk/Books-and-resources/Our-OH-toolkit/Stress/Rehabilitation.aspx [Accessed 23 04 2017]. Lippin, T. M., Eckman, A., Calkin, K. R. McQuiston , T. H., 2000. Empowerment-based health and safety training: evidence of workplace change from four industrial sectors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 38(6), pp. 697-706. Mahan, B., Morawetz, J., Ruttenberg, R. Workman, R., 2014. Workplace Safety and Health Improvements Through a Labor/Management Training and Collaboration. New Solutions, 23(4), pp. 561-576. McGuinness , T. M. McElroy , E., 2010. 7 habits of highly effective. Journal of Psychological Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(1). Osborne, D., 2013. Managing expenses with budgeting. The Canadian Veterinary Journal La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 54(7), pp. 701-703. Taormina , R. J. Gao , J. H., 2013. Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: measuring satisfaction of the needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), pp. 155-177. Vesterinen, S. et al., 2013. Nurse Managers' Perceptions Related to Their Leadership Styles, Knowledge, and Skills in These AreasA Viewpoint: Case of Health Centre Wards in Finland. ISRN Nursing. Walsh, K., 2016. Managing a Budget in Healthcare Professional Education. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 6(2), pp. 71-73.

Economic Perspectives On The Internet Essay Example For Students

Economic Perspectives On The Internet Essay International Legal ConsiderationsThis chapter covers a wide range of regulations, procedures, and practices that fall into three categories: regulations that exporters must follow to comply with U.S. law; procedures that exporters should follow to ensure a successful export transaction; and programs and certain tax procedures that open new markets or provide financial benefits to exporters. Export RegulationsGeneral Introduction The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) regulate the export and reexport of items for national security, nonproliferation, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Department of Commerces Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) has taken important steps to remove unnecessary obstacles to exporting, including completion of U.S. regulatory reform effort and export control liberalizations. Working closely with the exporting community, BXA has simplified the EAR, especially for those companies new to exporting. In addition, export controls have been liber alized on many products sold by U.S. companies around the world, consistent with national security and foreign policy concerns. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires the submission of a license application to BXA. License requirements are dependent upon an items technical characteristics, the destination, the end use, and the end user. Determining whether a license is required for export is easier under the newly drafted regulations which consolidate license requirements previously scattered throughout the regulations. Once a classification has been determined, exporters may use a single chart to determine if licenses are needed for a country. The revised regulations include answers to frequently asked questions, detailed step-by-step instructions for finding out if a transaction is subject to the regulations, how to request a commodity classification or advisory opinion, and how to apply for a license. The EAR groups items (commodities, software, and techn ology) into ten categories each containing several entries. These entries are the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN). These entries are in Supplemental N0. 1 to part 774 of the EAR, which is the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL and the Country Chart, Supplement No. 1 to part 738 taken together, define items subject to export controls based solely on the technical parameters of the item and the country of ultimate destination. Items that are listed on the CCL but do not require a license by reason of the Country Chart and items classified as EAR99 (see 734.3(c) of the EAR entitled Scope of the EAR) are designated as NLR, or no license required. All countries are not treated in the same way under the EAR because different countries present different national security, nonproliferation, or foreign policy considerations for the United States. A license requirement may be based on the end use or end user in a transaction, primarily for proliferation reasons. Part 744 of the EAR describes such requirements and relevant licensing policies and includes both restrictions on items and restrictions on the activities of U.S. persons. The EAR covers more than exports. Items subject to the EAR are generally controlled for reexport from one foreign country to another. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires an application to BXA for a license. Many items are not on the CCL or, if on the CCL, require a license only to a limited number of countries. Other transactions may be covered by one or more License Exceptions in the EAR, part 740. However, a license is required for virtually all exports to embargoed destinations such as Cuba. Part 746 of the EAR describes embargoed destinations and refers to certain additional controls imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the Treasury Department. Sometimes the EAR are referred to as dual use regulations. The term dual use refers to items that can be used for both military and other st rategic uses (e.g., nuclear) and commercial applications. It also refers to items with solely civil uses. The term is also used to distinguish the scope of the EAR from items covered by the regulations of other agencies. For example, the U.S. Department of State controls exports of weapons and military related items on the U.S. Munitions List, while the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission control certain items for nuclear reasons. For more information on the control of agencies other than BXA, see Supplement No. 3 to part 730 of the EAR. Steps for Using the EAR You may first look at part 732 of the EAR for the steps you follow to determine your obligations. Part 734 defines the scope of the EAR and excludes certain publicly available technology, as well as items properly subject to the jurisdiction of another agency. What is the proper classification for your item? This information is essential to determining any licensing requirements under the EAR. You may e ither classify your item on your own according to the CCL or you may ask BXA for assistance. The EAR is structured in a way that you should follow the steps in order. To determine whether you need a license, consider, in order, the scope of the EAR (part 734), the ten general prohibitions (part 736), and the license exceptions (part 740). General Prohibitions The general prohibition are found in part 736 of the EAR. The ten general prohibitions describe certain exports, reexports, and other conduct, subject to the scope of the EAR, in which you may not engage unless you have a license from BXA or qualify under part 740 of the EAR for a license exception from each applicable general prohibition paragraph. License Exceptions A license exception is an authorization for the export or reexport of some commodities, technology, or software under certain conditions. This gives you authority to ship certain items subject to the EAR that would otherwise require a license. Eligibility for lice nse exceptions may be based on the item to be exported or reexported, the country of ultimate destination, the end use of the item, or the end user. If a license exception is available for a particular transaction, you may proceed with the transaction without a license. A license exception does not require a specific application nor approval from the Department of Commerce. However, you are required to meet all terms, conditions, and provisions for the use of that license exception. Applying for a License and Application Processing If an export license is required, you must prepare a Form BXA-748P, Mulipurpose Application Form, and submit it to BXA. The form can be used for requesting an export license, reexports, or commodity classifications. You may request forms by fax at 202-219-9179 or by phone on 202-482-3332. You must be certain to follow the instructions on the form carefully. In some instances, technical brochures and support documentation must also be included. In reviewin g specific license applications, BXA will conduct a complete analysis of the license application along with all documentation submitted in support of the application. In addition to reviewing the item and end use, BXA will consider the reliability of each party to the transaction and review any available intelligence information. To the maximum extent possible, BXA will make licensing decisions without referral of license applications to other agencies; however, BXA may consult with other U.S. departments and agencies regarding any license application. Further information concerning the review policy for various controls is contained in parts 742 and 750. You may contact BXA for status of your pending certification request, advisory opinion, or license application. For advisory opinion requests, telephone 202-482-4905 or send a fax to 202-219-9179. For license applications and classification requests, telephone BXAs System for Tracking Export License Applications (STELA) at 202-482- 2752. STELA is an automated voice response system that, upon request via any standard touch-tone telephone, will provide you with up-to-the-minute status on any license application pending at BXA. Requests for status may be made only by the applicant or the applicants agent. Avoiding Delays in Receiving a License In filling out a license application, rexporters commonly make four errors that account for most delays in processing applications: 1. Failing to sign the application. 2. Handwriting, rather than typing the application. 3. Responding inadequately to section 22(j) of the application, Description of Commodity or Technical Data, which calls for a description of the item or items to be exported. You must be specific, and you are encouraged to attach additional material to explain the product fully. 4. Responding inadequately to section 21 of the application, where the specific end use of the products or technical data is to be described. Again, you must be specific. Answering v aguely or entering unknown is likely to delay the application process. In an emergency, the Department of Commerce may consider expediting the processing of an export license application, but this procedure cannot be used as a substitute for filing of an application. If you feel you qualify for emergency handling, you should contact the Exporter Counseling Division at 202-482-4811 or by mail to the: U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Export Administration Office of Exporter Services Exporter Counseling Division 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 2706 Washington, D.C. 20230 Export Clearance If you are issued a BXA license, or you rely on a license exception described in part 740 of the EAR, you are responsible for the proper use of that license or license exception and for the performance of all its terms and conditions. If you export without either a license issued by BXA or a license exception, you are responsible for determining that the transaction is outside the sc ope if the EAR or the export is designated as No License Required. Both the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations of the Census Bureau (15 CFR part 30) and the Export Administration Regulations require that the Shippers Export Declaration (SED) be submitted to the U.S. Government. There are exceptions to this rule, but if you are required to submit an SED, you must prepare it in accordance with the rules of the Foreign Trade Statistics Regulations (FTSR) and present the number of copies specified in the FTSR at the port if export. For more information about the FTSR or the SED, visit the Census Bureau online at http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www. Records on exports must be retained for five years from date of export, reexport, or any known diversion. For more information on export clearances, see part 758 of the EAR. For additional information on recordkeeping, see part 762. Where to Get Assistance The staring point for export licensing requirements and the regulations is the Ex porter Counseling Division. BXAs counselors can guide you through the regulations to determine your licensing requirements. They can be reached by phone at 202-48-4811 and fax at 202-482-3617. BXA also maintains a Web site at http://www.bxa.doc.gov. The regulations are published in volume 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations starting at part 730. If you wish to purchase a loose-leaf version of the EAR or any electronic version of the EAR with updates, you may contact the National Technical Information Service order desk at 703-487-4630. In addition, the Export Administration Regulations are available through the EAR Electronic Market Place on the World Wide Web at http://w3.access.gpo.gov/bxa. Antidiversion, Antiboycott, and Antitrust RequirementsAntidiversion Clause To help ensure that U.S. exports go only to legally authorized destinations, the U.S. government requires a destination control statement on shipping documents. Under this requirement, the commercial invoice and bill o f lading (or air waybill) for nearly all commercial shipments leaving the United States must display a statement notifying the carrier and all foreign parties (the ultimate and intermediate consignees and purchaser) that the U.S. material has been licensed for export only to certain destinations and may not be diverted contrary to U.S. law. Exceptions to the use of the destination control statement are shipments to Canada and intended for consumption in Canada and shipments being made under certain general licenses. Advice on the appropriate statement to be used can be provided by the Department of Commerce, an attorney, or the freight forwarder. The minimum antidiversion statement for goods exported under Commerce Department authority is: These commodities, technology, or software, were exported from the United States in accordance with the Export Administration Regulations. Diversion contrary to U.S. law is prohibited. Antiboycott Regulations The United States has an established p olicy of opposing restrictive trade practices or boycotts fostered or imposed by foreign countries against other countries friendly to the United States. This policy is implemented through the antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act enforced by the Department of Commerce and through the Tax Reform Act of 1977 enforced by the Department of the Treasury. o Prohibiting U.S. agencies or persons from refusing to do business with blacklisted firms and boycotted friendly countries pursuant to foreign boycott demands; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from discriminating against, or agreeing to discriminate against other U.S. persons on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in order to comply with a foreign boycott; o Prohibiting U.S. persons from furnishing information about business relationships with boycotted friendly foreign countries or blacklisted companies in response to boycott requirements; o Providing for public disclosure of requests to comply with foreig n boycotts; and o Requiring U.S. persons who receive requests to report receipt of the requests to the Commerce Department and disclose publicly whether they have complied with such requests. The antiboycott provisions of the Export Administration Act apply to all U.S. persons, including intermediaries in the export process, as well as foreign subsidiaries that are controlled in fact by U.S. companies and U.S. officials. The Department of Commerces Office of Antiboycott Compliance (OAC) administers the program through ongoing investigations of corporate activities. OAC operates an automated boycott-reporting system providing statistical and enforcement data to Congress and to the public, issuing interpretations of the regulations for the affected public, and offering nonbinding informal guidance to the private sector on specific compliance concerns. U.S. firms with questions about complying with antiboycott regulations should call OAC at 202-482-2381 or write to Office of Antiboycot t Compliance, Bureau of Export Administration, Room 6098, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230. Antitrust Laws The U.S. antitrust laws reflect this nations commitment to an economy based on competition. They are intended to foster the efficient allocation of resources by providing consumers with goods and services at the lowest price that efficient business operations can profitably offer. Various foreign countries including the European Union, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Australia also have their own antitrust laws that U.S. firms must comply with when exporting to such nations. The U.S. antitrust statutes do not provide a checklist of specific requirements. Instead they set forth broad principles that are applied to the specific facts and circumstances of a business transaction. Under the U.S. antitrust laws, some types of trade restraints, known as per se violations, are regarded as conclusively illegal. Per se violations include price-fixing agreements and conspira cies, divisions of markets by competitors, and certain group boycotts and tying arrangements. Most restraints of trade in the United States are judged under a second legal standard known as the rule of reason. The rule of reason requires a showing that certain acts occurred and such acts had an anti-competitive effect. Under the rule of reason, various factors are considered, including business justification, impact on prices and output in the market, barriers to entry, and market shares of the parties. In the case of exports by U.S. firms, there are special limitations on the application of the per se and rule of reason tests by U.S. courts. Under Title IV of the Export Trading Company Act (also known as the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act), there must be a direct, substantial and reasonably foreseeable effect on the domestic or import commerce of the United States or on the export commerce of a U.S. person before an activity may be challenged under the Sherman Antitrust A ct or the Federal Trade Commission Act (two of the primary federal antitrust statutes). This provision clarifies the particular circumstances under which the overseas activities of U.S. exporters may be challenged under these two antitrust statutes. Under Title III of the Export Trading Company Act (see Chapter 4) the Department of Commerce, with the concurrence of the U.S. Department of Justice, can issue an export trade certificate of review that provides certain limited immunity from the federal and state antitrust laws. Although the great majority of international business transactions do not pose antitrust problems, antitrust issues may be raised in various types of transactions, among which are: o overseas distribution arrangements; o overseas joint ventures for research, manufacturing, construction, and distribution; o patent, trademark, copyright, and know-how licenses; o mergers and acquisitions involving foreign firms; and o raw material procurement agreements and concessi ons. Extra-Terrestrial Civilizations Essay The potential U.S. and foreign antitrust problems posed by such transactions are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 16. Where potential U.S. or foreign antitrust issues are raised, it is advisable to obtain the advice and assistance of qualified antitrust counsel. For particular transactions that pose difficult antitrust issues, and for which an export trade certificate of review is not desired, the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice can be asked to state its enforcement views in a business review letter. The business review procedure is initiated by writing a letter to the Antitrust Division describing the particular business transaction that is contemplated and requesting the departments views on the antitrust legality of the transaction. Certain aspects of the federal antitrust enforcement policies regarding international transactions are explored in the Department of Justices Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations (1995). Foreign Corrupt Pr actices ActIt is unlawful for a U.S. firm (as well as any officer, directors employee, agent, or agent of a firm or any stockholder acting on behalf of the firm) to offer, pay, or promise to pay (or to authorize any such payment or promise) money or anything of value to any foreign official (or foreign political party or candidate for foreign political office) for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. It is also unlawful to make a payment to any person while knowing that all or a portion of the payment will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official (or foreign political party or candidate for foreign political office) for the purposes of assisting the firm in obtaining or retaining business. Knowing includes the concepts of conscious disregard and willful blindness. There is an exception to the antibribery provisions for facilitating payments for routine governmental action. The statute lists a number of examples. Actions similar to th ose listed are also covered by this exception. A person charged with a violation of the antibribery provisions of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) may assert as a defense that the payment was lawful under the written laws and regulations of the foreign country or that the payment was associated with demonstrating a product or performing a contractual obligation. Firms are subject to a fine of up to $2 million; officers, directors, employees, agents, and stockholders are subject to a fine of up to $100,000 and imprisonment for up to five years. The Attorney General can bring a civil action against a domestic concern (and the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC against an issuer) for a fine of up to $10,000 as well as against any officer, director, employee, or agent of an issuer, or stockholder acting on behalf of the firm, who willfully violates the antibribery provisions. Under federal criminal laws other than the FCPA, individuals may be fined up to $250,000 or up to tw ice the amount of the gross gain or gross loss if the defendant derives pecuniary gain from the offense or causes a pecuniary loss to another person. The Attorney General may also bring a civil action to enjoin any act or practice of a domestic concern (and the SEC with respect to an issuer) whenever it appears that the domestic concern or issuer (or an officer, director, employee, agent, or stockholder acting on behalf of the domestic concern or issuer) is in violation (or about to be) of the antibribery provisions. A person or firm found in violation of the FCPA may be barred from doing business with the federal government. Indictment alone can lead to suspension of the right to do business with the U.S. Government. The Department of Justice has established an Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Opinion Procedure, the details of which are found at 28 CFR Part 77. Under the Opinion Procedure, any party may request a statement of the Justice Departments present enforcement intentions unde r the antibribery provisions of the FCPA regarding any proposed business conduct. Conduct for which the Department of Justice has issued an opinion stating that the conduct conforms with current enforcement policy will be entitled to a presumption of conformity with the FCPA. For further information from the Department of Justice about the FCPA and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Opinion Procedure, contact the Deputy Chief, Fraud Section, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Room 2424, Bond Building, 1400 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C.20530, 202-514-0651 (FTS) 202-368-0651. The Department of Commerce supplies general information to U.S. exporters who have questions about the FCPA and about international developments concerning the FCPA and international bribery. For further information from the Department of Commerce about the FCPA, contact the Chief Counsel for International Commerce or the Senior Counsel for International Finance and Trade, Office of the Chief C ounsel for International Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Room 5882, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20230, 202-482-0937. Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency RestrictionsIn addition to the various export regulations that have been discussed, rules and regulations enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) also affect a limited number of exporters. Food and Drug Administration FDA enforces U.S. laws intended to assure the consumer that foods are pure and wholesome, that drugs and devices are safe and effective, and that cosmetics are safe. FDA has promulgated a wide range of regulations to enforce these goals. Exporters of products covered by FDAs regulations are affected as follows: If the item is intended for export only, meets the specifications of the foreign purchaser, is not in conflict with the laws of the country to which it is to be shipped, and is properly label ed, it is exempt from the adulteration and misbranding provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (see 801(e)). This exemption does not apply to new drugs that have not been approved as safe and effective, or to certain devices and biologics. Additional requirements apply to these products. Banned new animal drugs may not be exported. If the exporter thinks the export product may be covered by FDA, it is important to contact the nearest FDA field office or the Food and Drug Administration. Companies can make inquiries by writing to the FDA at 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, calling 1-800-532-4440, or visiting the FDA Web site at: http://www.fda.gov. Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the export of hazardous waste, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and ozone deplete substances. Although EPA generally does not prohibit the export of these substances(there are some exceptions). There are various statutory notification systems design to inform receiving foreign governments that materials of possible human health or environmental concern will be entering their countries, and in some cases, allows for the foreign governments to object to such shipments. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), there are two different sets of export regulations one for exports of hazardous wastes moving for recycling within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (40 CFR 262 subpart H), and the other for non-OECD hazardous waste exports, as well as for hazardous wastes exported for treatment and disposal, both within and outside the OECD (40 CFR 262 subpart E). In both cases, exports are prohibited absent the consent of the importing government. Exporters are required to notify EPAs Office of Compliance (EPA/OC) in writing. EPA/OC then forwards the notification to the importing government (and to transit countries, if applicable). In some cases, the written consent of the importing government is required before the s hipment may commence; in other cases, consent is considered tacit if there is no response from the importing government after 30 days. Exporters should be aware of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal This treaty bans trade in hazardous wastes between parties and nonparties unless there is a Basel-consistent bilateral agreement in place. Approximately 110 countries have ratified the Basel Convention; however, the U.S. has not. Therefore, exporters should be aware of potential trade restrictions. Exporters of hazardous waste should contact either EPAs Office of Compliance, Import/Export Program at 202-564-2290 or the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at 800-424-9346 or 703-412-9810. As for pesticides and other toxic chemicals, neither the federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) nor the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires exporters of banned or severely restricted chemicals to obtain written consent bef ore shipping. However, exporters of unregistered pesticides or other chemicals subject to regulatory control actions must comply with certain notification requirements. Under TSCA importing countries are notified of the export or the intended export of many industrial chemicals or mixtures (40 CFR 707 subpart D). These chemicals or mixtures are subject to certain regulator actions taken under the act. Exporters send to EPA, for each affected chemical or mixture, a notice for each country to which the chemical or mixture is exported. The notice is sent annually or only once, depending on the regulatory action controlling the chemical or mixture. The agency then informs the importing country of the regulatory action taken. These notices are also used to satisfy the information exchange provisions of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedures, which are under the United Nations Environment Programme. For chemicals banned or severely restricted in the U.S. and subject to the PIC proced ures, EPA forwards to the designated national authority of the importing country information on the chemicals regulatory controls. In addition, TSCA also prohibits the export of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PCB-containing items in concentrations greater than or equal to 50 ppm, unless an exemption was granted. The TSCA hotline, 202-554-1404, can provide general information on these export requirements. A person may not export class I ozone-depleting substances, including chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs), to any country that is not a signatory to the international treaty entitled the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol). The United States is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol.Under authority of the Clean Air Act Amendations of 1990, the EPA published regulations prohibiting the expoThesis and Dissertations